by Jim W. Sealy, FAIA
Merriam-Webster Online defines human factors as “ergonomics,” and ergonomics as “an applied science concerned with designing and arranging things people use so that people and things interact most efficiently and safely—called also biotechnology, human engineering, human factors.”
If you are willing to accept that definition, the contents of this blog will be simple to understand. It is my opinion that the most plausible definition of human factors is simply “the profession of architecture.” It strikes me as funny that the art and profession of architecture is so misunderstood that an architect (like me!) has to write articles to defend what we have been educated and trained to do: to design complete buildings and their related facilities and accompaniments, such as fixtures and furnishings. In essence, the above definition of ergonomics is precisely what we do as architects: design and arrange things people use so that people and things interact most efficiently and safely.
What do architects know?
The above explanation seems very straightforward, but some attorneys (as well as some people on the street) continue to believe mistakenly that professionals other than architects are responsible for the design of most things that go into the making of a building. Attorneys must believe that, or they would not continually ask me questions such as: “What do architects know about the way people walk?”
My answer is simple: Everything! A seasoned architect must have all of the basic knowledge of human factors (ergonomics) that are necessary for them to design and arrange (i.e., detail) buildings.
I hear a lot of these types of questions when I am defending the design of some part of a building that has become the subject of a lawsuit, often in what attorneys call a “premises liability” case. These cases generally involve building elements such as treads and risers, ramps, handrails, floors, doors, windows, etc.—the elements that usually generate the same question of “What does an architect know about human factors?” Sometimes the lawyers slip into the “bio-mechanical engineering” ploy, but it’s all the same stuff. It’s about dimensions, size, scale, proportions, and the physical makeup of a building element, and whether those elements have been designed such that they are safe for people to use.
Stairs are an example
Stairways are a frequent target of attorneys when they go off on their uninformed tangents of touting human factors and/or biomechanics. Architects have been designing stairways, ramps, and other means of vertical transportation for literally centuries; well-preserved monumental pyramids of Mexico, Central America, and South America, as well as the monuments of the ancient Greeks and Romans stand as living proof. In fact, Vitruvius in the first century BC set down the earliest known design guidelines for the layout of stairs. Studies of those early stairways prove that the designers understood the importance of rhythm and consistent dimensions.
One of the most important recorded scientific researches on the way people walk is the work of Francois Blondel in AD 1670. Blondel’s work was important because his theories are based on the size of the human foot—they are functional as opposed to merely visually pleasing. His findings were translated into a mathematical formula that ultimately found its way into at least one of today’s building codes. Blondel’s formula was also the basis for the establishment of the tread and riser dimensions that were included in the other legacy building codes and ultimately what has been transposed in the current International Building Code (IBC).
Much of the credit for the content of today’s building codes goes to Jake Pauls, who was educated as an architect in Canada and researched the way people walk when he served on the staff of the National Research Council of Canada. Based primarily on his research, two of the legacy codes and ultimately the IBC and the National Fire Protection Agency’s 101 Life Safety Code adopted what is known as the “7/11 Rules” for treads and risers. It is unlikely that those dimensions will change in our lifetime.
In conclusion
“Safe, safety, and safely” are words that some attorneys overlook. Architects are bound by licensing laws to design buildings and facilities that will protect the health, safety, and welfare of the general public. If architects are found to have designed something that is unsafe, they have violated their licensing laws. However, this is extremely unlikely. I think it is folly for an attorney to claim that an architect should engage the services of an ergonomist to assist in the design of their buildings. After all, by education, training, and experience, architects are ergonomists, human factors experts, and trained in the art of biomechanics—all with respect to the design and arrangement of buildings and their elements.
That is precisely what we do—that is what we are licensed to do. Therefore, the next time someone asks, “What do architects know about human factors?” the answer should be “Everything!” That is what we are: human factors experts.
What do you think?
Comments (16)
Thanks for contributing so much with this wonderful content.
Posted by Georgeanna Waterfall | July 19, 2010 8:01 AM
Posted on July 19, 2010 08:01
First, it is clear from prior comments that Jim Sealy’s article is worthy and should be disseminated within and beyond our profession. Certainly, that is my belief. Further, I believe Jim’s message is broader that to simply applaud our education, experience, skills, knowledge and capabilities. Jim’s message addresses our responsibilities as well. For example, paths of travel must serve all and appropriate attention to human scale has a marked impact on the public's view of our designs that is greater than our sense of aesthetics.
Posted by David Harris, FAIA | September 24, 2007 3:27 PM
Posted on September 24, 2007 15:27
A rational country would subject all laws and ordinances affecting the built environment, if not all designs for every type of faciltiy for human use, to absolute review by Jim Sealy.
It is perhaps a flaw of American democracy that we can only approximate this. Meanwhile, keep reading.
Posted by Robert L. Miller, FAIA | September 19, 2007 3:48 PM
Posted on September 19, 2007 15:48
It seems in all of this conversation that the lawers, as usual, have skipped by a very fundamental and basic premise. Architects are what? We are humans of course and who is better equipped to understand and improve the human condition than a fellow human being who is professionally trained, has inherent insight into human needs and has committed his life's work to the cause.
Posted by Joe Saunders AIA | September 15, 2007 7:04 PM
Posted on September 15, 2007 19:04
This article should also be required reading for the folks who write Mirriam-Webster's dictionary, as they provided alternative terms for "ergonomics," none of which included the word "architecture."
Is it really funny, as the author says, that the profession is so misunderstood that architects have to write articles to defend ourselves in places only read by other architects?
This article poses general questions and then purports to answer those questions with declarative statements about the author's own views, which happen to reinforce the views of many people reading the blog. What do architects know about the way people walk? Everything!
Such simple answers. And such simple minds.
Posted by anonymous | September 14, 2007 8:29 PM
Posted on September 14, 2007 20:29
This article needs to have the widest possible audience. Because it has a strong opinion makes it all the more important to be discussed. This should be on the front page of AIA Architect and could even be the subject of a broader article in Architectural Record - perhaps as a point-counter-point discussion with various "experts", which as Jim maintains should of course include architects. This is a great platform for discussion about what architects really do. We are not just form-makers for the skyline, but every line we draw reflects a decision about how people use the spaces we create. For everything from door sizes and light switch locations to handrail heights and stair profiles we influence how people use buildings.
Posted by Steven R Winkel, FAIA | September 14, 2007 2:49 PM
Posted on September 14, 2007 14:49
Mr. Sealy's observations are irrefutable and worthy of wider dissemination than an online blog for architects. As with Mr. Green's recommendation that all Chapter Newsletters print this article, our nation's legal journals should likewise convey to trial lawyers this knowledge that is second nature to practicing architects.
Posted by David P. Suttle | September 14, 2007 2:41 PM
Posted on September 14, 2007 14:41
He is absolutely correct. Tell us more.
pch
Posted by Philip C. Henderson, FAIA | September 14, 2007 2:32 PM
Posted on September 14, 2007 14:32
When man first moved a rock to change his environment, he undoubtedly uncovered a lawyer.
Posted by David J. Moniot, AIA | September 14, 2007 1:18 PM
Posted on September 14, 2007 13:18
Whenever encountering obvious jargon, as in "human factor" or "ergonomics", know that what usually follows is, if anything, a pale imitation of a larger truth. The United States has a long tradition of snake oil salesmen who first grandly declare "Look at the problem!" and then the solution, voila! The lawyers didn't get there first, but they sure like the results.
Posted by William Evans, AIA | September 14, 2007 12:30 PM
Posted on September 14, 2007 12:30
The first two images that come to my mind are Le Corbusier's Modular and the pages in Graphic Standards which show all of the human figures with the appropriate ergonomic dimensions for every activity. Invariably first and second year design students are introduced to these diagrams in conjunction with basic design problems. They (We) are taught to consider these issues and will be criticized throughout their careers if these factors are not considered. Ergonomic scale, proportion and interaction are factors which every architect works with on a daily basis regardless of the building type, program, or level of development. These factors are the very base level of architectural design.
Posted by Peter Doncaster, AIA | September 14, 2007 12:07 PM
Posted on September 14, 2007 12:07
Regardless of other comments and Step's feelings about Jim---This article should be printed or all other submittals that express the authors opinion SHOULD NOT BE PRINTED.
Posted by Mort Marshall Jr., FAIA | September 14, 2007 11:57 AM
Posted on September 14, 2007 11:57
Of course, Jim Sealy is nearly always correct, not always politically, but always correct. If we architects don't stand up for all the years of training in "egonomics" which is architecture, we are going to be lost. I have always insisted that pictures and rendered drawings of my work must have at least one human form in it, preferably three, a female, a male and a child. Otherwise why build the building? Buildings are for human use and we should all remember that. Our design awards photo requirements should say the photos "shall" include a human! That is what we do..........?
Posted by Charles Harper FAIA | September 14, 2007 11:49 AM
Posted on September 14, 2007 11:49
Though I agree with the article and the 2 posted comments to date, I contend in general that most buildings paraded on the covers of our architectural magazines and company websites do not show buildings that have any sense of human scale.
It is not until one looks closely at the 'accidently' included picture showing a human being taking a drink from a fountain that we see the human using the building. For instance, the modernists designed for the human in the midst of technological advances in materials even though their buildings looked very different from everything else. As an example, the giant modern 'McMansion' of Richard Neutra at least had human scale. Today, our 'magazine buildings', though interesting, show how popular architects have become overly enamored with technological material changes and thus have allowed 'Form' to trump the human factor. This in fact is evidence that architecture schools have finally reached a degree of success in teaching design over all else to their students, and this is just what our magazines show. This of course confuses everyone and therefore reinforses the notion that architects are not ergonomic. Fact is health, safety and welfare is the human factor. This is largely overlooked in architecture schools and graduate practitioners. If architects do not embrace the human factor which really should drive everything we design, then we might as well call our buildings what they really are- Interesting yet glorified 'dog houses'.
Posted by Rob Johnson,AIA | September 14, 2007 11:15 AM
Posted on September 14, 2007 11:15
I think this hits at at the core of what architects do--we design for people's use. It is inherent in the business of architecture that architects understand size, proportion, scale of human beings. Architects are inherently knowledgable about human factors.
Posted by James R. Kirby, AIA | September 14, 2007 10:08 AM
Posted on September 14, 2007 10:08
All AIA chapters should include this arrticle in their Chapter Bulletin.
Hank Green III, AIA
Posted by Hank Green III, AIA | September 14, 2007 9:11 AM
Posted on September 14, 2007 09:11